Introduction to Human Anatomy Lecture 18 Notes

Overview

Today is a 53 minute lecture on the joints.

 

 

Details

Arthro means joint or articulation.

Types of joints – fibrous connective, cartilaginous, synovial

Functional Classifications

synarthrotic –  no movement

amphiaarthotic – slight

diarthrosis- movement

Dense irregular fibrous CT/No to slight movement between bones

Suture no movement

Syndesasols membrane , radius ulna

Gompohosis tooth and the socket periodontal

Cartilaginoius joints no to slight movement

I’m here to answer questions, you’re here to study…

synchondrosis  cartilage

sternal coastal joints

symphorsis fibrocarticage vertebral joints shock absorbers disks flatten half an inch

Strovial joints

synovial membrane is vascularized

Ligaments fibrous capsule

Rapid change in pressure – popping.  Popping joints may enlarge them over time.

There is a stability/flexibility tradeoff.

Types of Movements at Synovial Joints

flexion – decrease joint angle, bending

extension – increase joint angle, straightening

dorsifexion – point toes up

plantarflexion- point toes down

adduction – move toward the body

abduction – move away from the body.  Abduction means taking away.  Spread fingers apart.

circumduction – make a full circle.  Hip and shoulder.  Ball and socket joint.

lateral rotation – outward rotation.  Neck.

medial rotation – inward rotation

supination – lateral rotation of the forearm.  Soup.

pronation – medial rotation of the forearm

eversion – turn foot laterally.  Walking we turn out feet.  Pigeon toed.

inversion – turn foot medially

Protraction – stick out

Retraction – pull in.

A protractor is a stick.

Elevation – raise up

Depression –  to lower.  Jaw.

Review

Electronegativity: NOF Cl Kr

Flip Flops: SR, JK, D, T

H = (4 * Pi * #Turns * #Turns * coil Area * mu) / (coil Length * 10,000,000)

DC-to-DC converter)

• AC to AC (AC-to-AC converter)

MDS

The minimum discernible signalCapacitors store electric field, C=Q/V, Xc = 1/2piFC, C = EA/d, V = Qd/EA, E = 0.5CV2

The theoretical noise at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature  =-174 dBm/Hz

Major Functional Areas:

Brainstem – midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

Hypothalamus

Thalamus (reticular activation system – waking center)

Cerebrum – limbic system (emotions), basal ganglia (subcortical nuclei), cerebral cortex

The 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves

Most are mixed nerves.  Most emerge from the brainstem.

Spinal nerves have 4 types of wires: somatic sensory, visceral sensory, autonomic neurons, somatic motor.

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Autonomic motor neurons control the salivary glands.

1 Olfactory – somatic sensory – sense of smell.

2 Optic – somatic sensory – sense of sight.

3 Occulomotor – somatic motor/autonomic motor.  Voluntary control of eye muscles.  Automatic control of pupil diameter.  Pigmented muscle – iris.

4 Trochlear – somatic motor.

5 Trigeminal – somatic sensory/motor. – the most important cranial nerve in dentistry.  Sensation from face and all the teeth.  Mastication.  3 branches.

6 Abducens – somatic motor.  Control lateral rectus.

7  Facial – 3/4.  Taste from tongue.  Contraction of facial muscles.

8 Vestibulocochlear – somatic sensory.  Like 1 and 2.  Sense of hearing and balance.  Cochlea, vestibular apparatus.

9 Glossopharnogeal – means tongue/throat.  Only nerve that is like a spinal nerve.  Has all 4 types of wires.  Taste.  Somatic because one is conscious of it.

10 Vagus –  both.  The largest cranial nerves.  Visceral sensory, somatic motor, autonomic motor.  We don’t feel it.  Internal organs.

11 Accessory – motor.  Larynx, neck and traps muscles.

12  Hypoglossal   -Motor.  Under the tongue.  Propriosection from the tongue.  Injury, can’t move tongue or feel it.

Local anesthetics block nerve conduction in a particular area.

Viral infection of the facial nerve is Bell’s palsy.

Baroreceptors monitor blood pressure.

Review

MDS

The minimum discernible signalCapacitors store electric field, C=Q/V, Xc = 1/2piFC, C = EA/d, V = Qd/EA, E = 0.5CV2

The theoretical noise at the input of a perfect receiver at room temperature  =-174 dBm/Hz