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Human Anatomy: Hematology Lecture 3
Overview
Today’s lecture is 46 minutes long.
Details
Lymphocytes make up 25% of all WBCs. B lymphocytes originate in the embryo in the bone marrow. Make immuniglobulins against bacteria.
T lymphocytes originate in the thymus. LCs multiply in the lymphatic organs like tonsils, appendix. The thymus is between the thyroid and the heart in children. It degenerates beginning at puberty. T LCs are helper T cells/CD4/T4 cells. Cytotoxic T cells/CD8/killers.
Helper T’s release interferon that interferes with viral replication. Release cytokines that activate B lymphocytes and cytotoxic T cells. HIV/AIDS destroy helper T cells.
CD8 cells release perforin which causes foreign cells to rupture.
Lymphocytopemia is low LC count. Lymphocytosis is high, usually from virus or bacterial infection.
B LCs make antiBodies.
BLOOD TESTS
Numbers are set up to either be in range or out of range. Glucose should be around 100 mg/dL. Bun is blood urea nitrogen; urea is a waste product from AA breakdown. If higher than normal, kidney failure is probable. Creatnine is a muscle waste product.
ALT is a liver enzyme. Total biliruben from breakdown of RBCs. Calcuim is important for blood clotting and muscle contractions. 150 mEQ/mL is normal Na value, 5 for K. Uric acid is from the breakdown of nucleotides. Cholesterol should be less than 200.
Total protein should be 7%. Albumin creases a Colloid Osmotic Pressure, COP. HGB should be around 15%, it is hemoglobin. HCT is hematocrit and should be 45%. A differential WBC counts monocytes, basophils, and so on. A cytologist does this.
It is usual to have several pathologies at once.
Review
Intermolecular Forces: ionic, h bonding, dipole dipole, VdW
High T, higher basicity and more steric hinderance favor E vs SN rxns.
Nucleophiles are anions, electrophiles are cations
Better leaving groups are weak bases/stronger bases.
SN2 intermediate is trigonal bipyramidal, SN1 intermediate is trigonal planer
SN2 is an interchange rxn, SN1 is a dissociative rxn
SLLS stop look listen smell
625/50 is PAL. 525/30 is NTSC.
Asatru – A Native European Religion
Human Anatomy: Hematology Lecture 2
Overview
Today’s lecture is 43 minutes long.
Details
Normal RBC counts are 5 million/mm3 or 5M/1mL. RBCs are made in the vertebra, ribs and sternum. The kidneys secrete renin and erythropoetin which is RBC production.
RBCs live for about 4 months because they have no nucleus. Macrophages in the blood break down the RBCs into hemoglobin. Iron is recycled. Bilibuben is ironless RBCs. The spleen and liver are the sites of destruction. Transferin transports Fe.
Normal hemoglobin count is 15 g/100mL or 15%. O2 capacity is proportional to RBC #.
There are many types of anemia. Iron deficient anemia. Vitamine B12 anemia. Aplastic anemia is degeneration of red bone marrow. Sickle cell anemia is abnormal hemoglobin.
Blood platelets are thrombocytes which consist of cell fragments. Made in red bone marrow. Stimulated by thrombopoetin from the liver. Thromobocytopenia is lower than normal BP number.
Hemostasis is bleeding control. It begins with a vascular spasm. Then a blood platelet plug is formed. A fibrin clot is then formed. Aspirin interferes with the attachment of the platelets.
Leukopenia is a lack of WBCs. Normal value is 7K/mm3. Neutrophils are small phagocytes. Lymphocytes are an immune response. Monocytes are macophages. Eosinophils eat allergens. Basophils or mast cells make heparin and histamine.
Only sperm and WBCs move on their own. Granulocytes have little granules or vacoules than pick up die. Agranular are monocytes and lymphocytes.
Review
Intermolecular Forces: ionic, h bonding, dipole dipole, VdW
Nucleophiles are anions, electrophiles are cations
Better leaving groups are weak bases/stronger bases.
SN2 intermediate is trigonal bipyramidal, SN1 intermediate is trigonal planer
SN2 is an interchange rxn, SN1 is a dissociative rxn
SLLS stop look listen smell
625/50 is PAL. 525/30 is NTSC.
Human Anatomy: Hematology Lecture 1
Overview
Today’s lecture is 55 minutes long.
Details
TBV = 8% x BW in kg
=0.08 x 70 kg = 5.6L
A kilogram of blood is about the same as a liter. Hematocrit is % packed cell volume. Blood is 55% plasma, 45% formed elements. Hematocrit tubes are thin and spun. Anemia is low Hct. Polycythemia is high Hct. Living at higher altitudes can cause polycythemia.
Plasma Volume = 55% x BL = 0.55*5.6L = 2.9L
Sometimes whole blood is given, or plasma, or formed elements. Blood plasma is 90% H2o with some proteins at 7%, 7g/100mL. Most are made in the liver and secreted into the bloodstream. Plasma proteins are seperated by electrophoresis.
-phoresis is “to seperate.”
-emia means “in the blood.”
The heavier elements are pulled down. Plasma on top, a middle layer of platelets and WBCs, and RBCs on bottom.
Blood contains RBCs, WBCs and platelets. 3 million RBCs. 7000 WBCs.
Negative charges inside the cell come from proteins. They are attracted to + charges. Low molecular weight proteins move the fastest in gel electrophoresis.
Most blood proteins are albumin, 60%. They maintain plasma volume by osmotically drawing water into the bloodstream. Globulins are 35%. Alpha and beta globulins carry lipids and some minerals through the blood. HDL and LDL are alpha globulins and transport cholesterol. LDL deposits cholesterol into the blood, HDL takes it from the blood. LDL production is genetic.
Transferin transports iron, its a beta globulin. Gamma or immunogloblins or antibodies are made by B lymphocytes. Most antibodies are IGGs and attack bacteria/viruses. Fewest antibodies are IGEs for allergies.
Platelets are made in the liver. Cell fragments. Serum is plasma – clotting factors. Hemophilliacs can’t make platelets. Heparing prevents blood clots.
Normal blood glucose levels are 100 mg/dL. Cholesterol is less than 200 mg?dL. BUN and NH3 from AA breakdown. Uric acid comes from nucleotide breakdown. Creatnine is a waste product from muscles.
Na+ is 150 mEq/L. K+ is 5 mEq/L. H2CO3 is the major extracellular buffur. H3PO4 is the major intercellular fluid.
Plasma is water with proteins at 7%. 60% of that is albumin, 35% is alpha and beta globulin.
Formed elements, most are RBCs 5 million/mm3. WBCs are 7K/mm3.
RBCs are very small. Antigens on the surface are ABO and Rh antigens. They only live for 4 months. They have no nucleus. They carry no genetic information and cannot self repair. Made in the ribs, vertebral column and the sternum.
Yellow marrow doesn’t produce RBCs. Red marrow is red and still makes RBCs.
There is an A protein and a B protein. Type O is neither. Then there is the Rh MHC marker. 85% of people are Rh+. Type O Rh- make antibodies against Rh, A and B. Type AB Rh+ is the universal recipient. It is possible for a mother’s immune system to attack a baby with the wrong markers – Rh imcompatability.
Review
Intermolecular Forces: ionic, hydrogen bonding, dipole dipole, VdW
cationic electrophile, anionic nucleophile
The Y factor is log (k/ko) = mY where ko is a standard of 80% ethanol in H2O.
Dialectric constant less than 15, nonpolar
Good leaving groups are weak bases
Basic conditions, 2 and 3o alkyl halides
Acidic conditions, 2 and 3o alcohols
Huey Long
Human Anatomy: Homostatic Reflexes
Overview
Today’s lecture is relatively short at 29 minutes.
Details
Homeostasis is the maintenence of a constant internal environment.
A learned reflex is bladder control.
Negative feedback opposes the input signal. Positive feedback reinforces the input signal.
A stimulus is a stress.
Effects do the change. Muscular organs contract; glands secrete chemicals.
Homeostasis refers to attempts of the body to maintain a constant internal environment. There are innate and learned homeostatic reflexes. A well known HSR is bowel/urinary control.
When normal ranges are exceeded, something is wronge (perhaps). O2, blood sugar, blood pressure, temperature are examples.
Negative feedback opposes the input signal. Positive feedback reinforces the input.
Receptors tend to be sensory neurons.
Stimulus – Receptors – Afferent Path – Control Center – Efferent Pathway – Effectors
A comes before E. First comes the input, then comes the output. Effectors are muscular organs that contract, and glands that secrete chemicals. The brain controls the other effectors.
Control centers compare the input value with the ideal value. When they differ, effectors are called into play. The nervous and endocrine systems control all the other systems.
Sensory neurons go in and are also called affarent pathways. Motor neurons go out and are efferent pathways. A comes before E.
Affectors can either contract or secrete. The muscular system contracts, the gland system secretes chemicals.
Stephen Hawking has a degenerative neural condition. In time, there will be no contact with effectors.
Neural reflexes are controlled by the brain. Hormonal reflexes are controlled by the endocrine glands. Neuroendocrine use both, as in water balance.
Review
Alpha cells – glucagon
Beta cells – insulin
Intermolecular Forces: ionic, h bond, dipole dipole, VdW
OAKOC obstacles and fields of fire, avenues of approach, key terrain, obstacles, cover and concealment
disguise, surveil, detect
IMAO improvise, modify, adapt, overcome
P tot = EPx
PNP EBC
NPN CBE
7K grains/lb
Human Anatomy Lecture 5: Large Intestine
Overview
Today’s lecture costs 54 minutes. This one will conclude our series on
the digestive system.
Details
The lamina propria has both blood capillaries and lymph vessels. Non fats
tend to be water soluble. They are taken by the hepatic portal vein to
the liver, where nutriets are processed and stored. Lipids are paired
with albumin and go into general circulation then back into the liver.
Disorders of the SI include enteritis, duodenal ulcers (caused by
bacteria),
Stomach and intestine doctors are gastroentrologists.
The larger intestine has a larger bore than the SI. It is 4 feet long.
The appendix guards its entrace for bacteria.
Cecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum, anus. This is
the order from beginning to end.
The first bend is the hepatic flexure or the right colic. Then the second
bend is the splenic flexure or left colic.
The LI has sacculations called hosstra. It stores water and bacterial
digestion of remaining chyme in food residue. Cellulose or fiber,
Lower GI series is done by enema and by drinking some barium, then x
raying. UTIs in women are caused by E Coli.
The appendix is a 3.5 inch tonsil off the abdomen. Appendicitis leads to
appendectomy. This usually occurs in early to late teens.
There is an internal involuntary sphincter (visceral smooth muscle) and an
outer, voluntary one (skeletal muscle).
Diarrhea and constipation are opposites. One is increases peristaltic
contractions leading to loose watery stool. The other is reduced
peristaltic contraction leading to hard dry stool.
Prunes are dry plums, apricots are dried peaches.
Diverticulitis are bulging weak spots in the intestine. This is caused by
a lack of fiber. Even smooth muscle needs to be challenged, like skeletal
muscle.
Johnny Dissidence 